Tried to make the subject grab a bit.

I just fininshed the ARRL Antenna Book Chapter on Effects of Ground.
There are HFTA graphs showing elevation response for various antenna
configurations (mostly Yagis).

Most arrays show good response up to 12 degrees above the horizon, then
many show a null and then, a second peak around 25 to 30 degrees above
the horizon.

Here's my question:
At 25 to 30 degrees elevation response, aren't these waves leaving the
ionosphere (i.e., refracted instead of reflected)?

Am I right to consider this component of propagation to have left the earth?

This would indicate a substantial fraction of each amateur transmission
is sent into space.

I always thought Broadcast transmissions were most likely to emanate
from Earth. Are hams more or less likely to transmit into space than
Broadcast?

John
(who wishes to remain a student and never an expert)