There's a figure at the bottom of
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book10/42.htm that shows current distribution on
an antenna. Is there some book or source that describes how figures B and C
and produced?

I'm guessing that one starts with an open ended transmission line, and looks
at how the E and B fields are distributed along it. Then one peels the open
end back until the two lines are pointing away from one another. One then
ends up with E fields pretty much in a plane directed from one point on one
side of the wire to the similar point on the other wire. Similarly the B
fields encircle each wire. On one side they have a CC direction and the
other a CC direction (looking in the direction of the current).

As a separate item, it would also seem that for a transmission line that is
open ended the current flowing in one wire induces a current to flow in the
opposite direction in the other wire. That is the current flows in the one
wire because it does so by induction rather than it being physically part of
the other wire.

Wayne T. Watson (Watson Adventures, Prop., Nevada City, CA)
(121.015 Deg. W, 39.262 Deg. N) GMT-8 hr std. time)
Obz Site: 39° 15' 7" N, 121° 2' 32" W, 2700 feet
--
"I often quote myself - it adds spice to
my conversation." - George Bernard Shaw

Web Page: home.earthlink.net/~mtnviews

W. Watson wrote:
There's a figure at the bottom of
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book10/42.htm that shows current
distribution on
an antenna. Is there some book or source that describes how figures B and C
and produced?

A lot of authors of antenna and electromagnetics texts avoid the issue.
There's a decent analysis in King, Mimno, and Wing, _Transmission Lines,
Antennas, and Waveguides_. The problem is much more difficult when the
antenna is longer than a half wavelength or when the wire diameter
becomes significant. In those cases, a much more complex calculation is
necessary, with only approximate results being available from closed
form solutions. Numerical solution of a triple integral equation is the
method usually used. That approach is necessary when there are nearby
current-carrying conductors, since that alters the current distribution
in ways which are usually too complex for other methods. A brief
discussion of several methods of approaching the problem can be found in
Sec. 14.11, "The Cylindrical Antenna Problem", in Jordan and Balmain,
_Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems".

I'm guessing that one starts with an open ended transmission line, and
looks
at how the E and B fields are distributed along it. Then one peels the open
end back until the two lines are pointing away from one another. One then
ends up with E fields pretty much in a plane directed from one point on one
side of the wire to the similar point on the other wire. Similarly the B
fields encircle each wire. On one side they have a CC direction and the
other a CC direction (looking in the direction of the current).

Using a transmission line as an analogy for antenna operation works just
well enough to be dangerous. While it's a way to get an intuitive
understanding of antenna operation, taking it too far can lead to some
erroneous conclusions. One fundamental limitation is that classical
analysis of a transmission line depends on the assumption that no
radiation occurs, and that's certainly not the case for an antenna.

As a separate item, it would also seem that for a transmission line that is
open ended the current flowing in one wire induces a current to flow in the
opposite direction in the other wire. That is the current flows in the one
wire because it does so by induction rather than it being physically
part of
the other wire.

Yes, that's correct. If you assume that the entire field from one wire
couples to the other, which is strictly true for coax and approximately
true for twinlead, it follows from Ampere's law that the current on one
wire must be equal and opposite that on the other. This assumption of
field coupling isn't true for an antenna, although coupling does indeed
exist and it does have a profound effect on the currents.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL

Roy Lewallen wrote:

W. Watson wrote:

There's a figure at the bottom of
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book10/42.htm that shows current
distribution on
an antenna. Is there some book or source that describes how figures B
and C
and produced?


A lot of authors of antenna and electromagnetics texts avoid the issue.
There's a decent analysis in King, Mimno, and Wing, _Transmission Lines,
Antennas, and Waveguides_. The problem is much more difficult when the
antenna is longer than a half wavelength or when the wire diameter
becomes significant. In those cases, a much more complex calculation is
necessary, with only approximate results being available from closed
form solutions. Numerical solution of a triple integral equation is the
method usually used. That approach is necessary when there are nearby
current-carrying conductors, since that alters the current distribution
in ways which are usually too complex for other methods. A brief
discussion of several methods of approaching the problem can be found in
Sec. 14.11, "The Cylindrical Antenna Problem", in Jordan and Balmain,
_Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems".

I'm guessing that one starts with an open ended transmission line, and
looks
at how the E and B fields are distributed along it. Then one peels the
open
end back until the two lines are pointing away from one another. One then
ends up with E fields pretty much in a plane directed from one point
on one
side of the wire to the similar point on the other wire. Similarly the B
fields encircle each wire. On one side they have a CC direction and the
other a CC direction (looking in the direction of the current).


Using a transmission line as an analogy for antenna operation works just
well enough to be dangerous. While it's a way to get an intuitive
understanding of antenna operation, taking it too far can lead to some
erroneous conclusions. One fundamental limitation is that classical
analysis of a transmission line depends on the assumption that no
radiation occurs, and that's certainly not the case for an antenna.

As a separate item, it would also seem that for a transmission line
that is
open ended the current flowing in one wire induces a current to flow
in the
opposite direction in the other wire. That is the current flows in the
one
wire because it does so by induction rather than it being physically
part of
the other wire.


Yes, that's correct. If you assume that the entire field from one wire
couples to the other, which is strictly true for coax and approximately
true for twinlead, it follows from Ampere's law that the current on one
wire must be equal and opposite that on the other. This assumption of
field coupling isn't true for an antenna, although coupling does indeed
exist and it does have a profound effect on the currents.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL
Thanks very much for the comments. They were helpful.

I managed to find "Neets Module 10-Introduction to Wave Propagation,
Transmission Lines, and Antennas", a Naval Electrical Engineering book on
the web at Neets Module 10-Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission
Lines, and Antennas. It comes close to giving this subject a pretty
reasonable treatment. A pretty fair intro. It gets to the point on a number
of items pretty quickly. I think the modules are $3.00 each. They can be
purchased on the web, but probably through the Govt. Printing Office. The
whole set of Navy manuals is described at http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/.

I've seen that diagram on occasion and it has somewhat baffled me, but at
least now I have some insight into what's going on. The most recent
occurrence was Carr's fourth edition of "Practical Antennas Handbook".
These diagrams all appeared out of nowhere as though they were quite obvious
to the reader. I got the book through Amazon and have about 10 days on a 30
day period to return it, which I think I will. Unfortunately, Carr died a
few years ago, so there will be no new changes to it.

It is tempting to look at his software CD for the book to see what antenna
design tools are on it. I think I'll resist the temptation though. It would
be interesting to know what some sort of total package looked like. I'm
curious if there's some general design tool, or it's just a bunch of
programs for different antennas. It would be interesting to know if one can
start from some general set of requirements and the program would lead the
designed to the appropriate design.


Wayne T. Watson (Watson Adventures, Prop., Nevada City, CA)
(121.015 Deg. W, 39.262 Deg. N) GMT-8 hr std. time)
Obz Site: 39° 15' 7" N, 121° 2' 32" W, 2700 feet
--
"I often quote myself - it adds spice to
my conversation." - George Bernard Shaw

Web Page: home.earthlink.net/~mtnviews

W. Watson wrote:
I'm guessing that one starts with an open ended transmission line, and
looks at how the E and B fields are distributed along it.

It's a standing-wave antenna. That means there is a forward
wave and a reflected wave. The forward current adds to the
reflected current all up and down the dipole. The magnitude
of the reflected current arriving back at the feedpoint is
approximately 90% of the forward current and are assumed to
be approximately equal by Kraus. The forward current
and reflected current are very close to being in phase at
the feedpoint. The forward and reflected current are equal in
magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase at the tip of the
dipole. The feedpoint impedance of a 1/2WL dipole is approximately
(|Vfor|-|Vref|)/(|Ifor|+|Iref|). The angle of the reflected current
is close to equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the forward
current at any point along the dipole so the angle of the net
current is very close to zero degrees. The net current pictured
on that web page is a standing current wave with the same basic
shape as in a 1/4WL open-circuit stub.

That current distribution is illustrated in any antenna book,
including Kraus and Balanis. It's also in my 15th edition
ARRL Antenna Book.
--
73, Cecil http://www.qsl.net/w5dxp

W. Watson wrote:

Roy Lewallen wrote:

W. Watson wrote:

There's a figure at the bottom of
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book10/42.htm that shows current
.... snip
I've seen that diagram on occasion and it has somewhat baffled me, but
at least now I have some insight into what's going on. The most recent
occurrence was Carr's fourth edition of "Practical Antennas Handbook".
These diagrams all appeared out of nowhere as though they were quite
obvious to the reader. I got the book through Amazon and have about 10
days on a 30 day period to return it, which I think I will.
Unfortunately, Carr died a few years ago, so there will be no new
changes to it.

It is tempting to look at his software CD for the book to see what
antenna design tools are on it. I think I'll resist the temptation
though. It would be interesting to know what some sort of total package
looked like. I'm curious if there's some general design tool, or it's
just a bunch of programs for different antennas. It would be interesting
to know if one can start from some general set of requirements and the
program would lead the designed to the appropriate design.

How about that? I read further into the book and found a whole chapter on
the software on the CD. Another quick romp through the book tells me that
(I'm inferring this.) that what most of it is about is describing antennas
and where they might be used. It looks like a potential catalog of such
designs to try out on the software. I don't think that's necessarily the
reason why the book was written, but it makes it appealing. I don't see
anywhere that all the designs offered could be investigated with the
software on the CD.

Roy, perhaps you have an answer for the last statement. I see that one of
your programs is included.



Wayne T. Watson (Watson Adventures, Prop., Nevada City, CA)
(121.015 Deg. W, 39.262 Deg. N) GMT-8 hr std. time)
Obz Site: 39° 15' 7" N, 121° 2' 32" W, 2700 feet
--
"I often quote myself - it adds spice to
my conversation." - George Bernard Shaw

Web Page: home.earthlink.net/~mtnviews

W. Watson wrote:

How about that? I read further into the book and found a whole chapter
on the software on the CD. Another quick romp through the book tells me
that (I'm inferring this.) that what most of it is about is describing
antennas and where they might be used. It looks like a potential catalog
of such designs to try out on the software. I don't think that's
necessarily the reason why the book was written, but it makes it
appealing. I don't see anywhere that all the designs offered could be
investigated with the software on the CD.

Roy, perhaps you have an answer for the last statement. I see that one
of your programs is included.

Sorry, I know nothing of the book, except I vaguely recall Joe
mentioning that he was including the EZNEC demo program with a book.

If you're interested in modeling various antenna designs, consider the
_ARRL Antenna Book_. On its CD are several hundred EZNEC models of
various antennas discussed in the book, plus a special version of EZNEC
which can be used to analyze them (http://eznec.com/eznec_arrl.htm). The
Antenna Book models can also be used with any standard (non-demo)
version of EZNEC.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL