Amateur Radio Newsline=E2=84=A2 Report 1403 =E2=80=93 July 2, 2004

Amateur Radio Newsline report number 1403 with a release date of=20
Friday, July 2, 2004 to follow in 5-4-3-2-1. =20
=20
The following is a Q-S-T. =20

The score is now Ham Radio one, BPL zero; OSCAR Echo is alive, and busine=
ss is
good for CW. =20

Find out the details on Amateur Radio Newsline report number 1403 coming =
your
way right now.


(Billboard Cart Here)=20
=20
**

BPL: SCORE ONE FOR THE GOOD GUYS

A major broadband-over-power line pilot test by Alliant Energy in Cedar R=
apids,
Iowa is shut=20
down after local hams document the harmful interference and the Federal
Communications=20
Commission gets a formal complaint from the A-R-R-L. We get the details f=
rom
Amateur Radio=20
Newsline's Mark Abramowicz NT3V:

************

It took nearly three months to accomplish the mission, but amateurs in Ce=
dar
Rapids - armed=20
with ample data and the muscle of the American Radio Relay League - convi=
nced
Alliant to=20
prematurely halt their B-P-L test.

Jim Spencer, W0SR, first discovered the interference on his HF radio righ=
t
after Alliant=20
launched its B-P-L testing March 30.

Spencer, who quickly mobilized other Cedar Rapids hams to form a technica=
l
committee,=20
says the interference was so severe that it wiped out his and others' abi=
lity
to use=20
their radios.

Spencer says the group worked with Alliant officials to try to resolve th=
e
interference=20
and conducted several test measurements with the utility's cooperation.

Spencer tells Amateur Radio Newsline the group appealed to Alliant to shu=
t down
the=20
system and stop the interference on several occasions. But it was clear t=
he
B-P-L=20
industry was telling Alliant's managers something else.

"There's a lot of regulatory uncertainty here," Spencer explains. "And th=
at
what the hams=20
were calling harmful interference - in my case S-9 signals, you know, eve=
ry
1-plus=20
kilohertz across the band, they were being told that wasn't really harmfu=
l.''

Spencer says communications between his technical group and Alliant offic=
ials
were=20
civil, but they accomplished little action. He says he and others filed
complaints=20
with the FCC.

"I think in 21 communications I received one simple response basically to=
ld me
to go=20
back to the power company - the operator of the system," Spencer says. "A=
nd, of
course,=20
I had done that all the time. So, we had been asking the utility company =
to
close it=20
down, we had been asking the FCC to help us and then the ARRL went and
escalated that."

Wade Walstrom, W0EJ, is the ARRL's Midwest Division Director. He says the
league's=20
FCC complaint finally got the utility's attention.

"The thrust of the complaint was that they were now aware that the system=
was
causing=20
interference and didn't shut the system off so now that makes it willful
interference,"=20
Walstrom said...

Alliant stopped the B-P-L pilot test on June 25 saying it had gathered th=
e
necessary=20
data to make a determination on whether a general rollout of B-P-L would =
be
worth=20
pursuing, according to Spencer. He says Alliant's project leader told him=
the
ARRL's=20
FCC complaint was just one factor in the company's decision.

"Obviously we're happy, but we didn't feel like we had won," Spencer said=
.. "We
felt=20
like this was a technical problem and that we tried to communicate some o=
f the=20
technical parameters to them and that they'd made a good business decisio=
n."

Spencer says an Alliant representative told him the company has no plans =
to
pursue=20
B-P-L at this time.

"In order to distribute it out to a sparsely-populated rural area with al=
l the=20
equipment it would take, it's not clear that this thing makes economic se=
nse,"=20
Spencer says. "And that this really can meet the goals of the rural user =
which
is=20
one of the things that people touted."

The ARRL's Walstrom is cautiously optimistic Alliant's decision might hav=
e a
ripple=20
effect.

"We would hope that other utilities or other organizations that were look=
ing to

possibly use B-P-L as a source of revenue will look and see the decision =
that
Alliant=20
has made and re-think their own plans and hopefully decide that maybe the=
re are
other=20
ways to provide broadband internet connections to the population as a who=
le,"
Walstrom says.

Walstrom says the Cedar Rapids group led by Spencer has set a precedent.

"All the proof on how well it's going to work isn't there yet," Walstrom =
says.=20

"And the proof that we have established here in Cedar Rapids and is comin=
g out=20
from other parts of the country is that it's not an interference-free sys=
tem by

any means and in fact it causes a lot of interference and we've documente=
d that
here."

Spencer says his committee, consisting of a group of engineers - most of =
them=20
retired from Rockwell Collins - stuck strictly to technical evidence in
communications=20
with Alliant. But he says its clear B-P-L has taken on a very political =
tone.

"Obviously the problem has got a lot of political implications, but the t=
hing
that=20
hams can do is remain professional and keep it primarily on a technical l=
evel,"
Spencer says.

The ARRL's Walstrom says if he could stand before the FCC panel to make h=
is
case,=20
he would strongly urge the commissioners to postpone action on or even wa=
lk
away from B-P-L.

"I think they need to delay it until they're satisfied that they're able =
to
mitigate any=20
interference problems at all and by mitigate from an amateur radio standp=
oint
that really=20
means eliminate," Walstrom says.

Spencer adds, there are no hard feelings toward Alliant. Spencer says he =
and
members of=20
his technical group still have a good, working relationship with the util=
ity.

"We've had quite a bit of communication back and forth through this whole
thing," Spencer=20
says. "I mean I've had many, many e-mails and some phone calls and I woul=
d say
that it=20
was pretty positive and still is."

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Mark Abramowicz, NT3V, in Philadelphi=
a.

************

In addition to operations in Cedar Rapids, Alliant also provides utility
services to=20
customers in sections of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and a small strip of
northwestern Illinois

(W0SR, ARRL)

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE: ECHO IS UP AND RUNNING

The newest Amateur Radio satellite is now in orbit and doing fine. Chuck
Green, N0ADI,=20
reported by phone from the Baikonur Cosmodrome that the launch of AMSAT E=
cho
and the=20
other satellites occurred on time on June 29th at 0630 UTC. He watched t=
he
rocket climb=20
out and said it appeared to be flying straight and true. A second phone c=
all
from Chuck=20
18 minutes later confirmed that the launch carrying AMSAT OSCAR Echo was
successful and=20
that all spacecraft had separated successfully.

Chuck was assisted in the final integration and checkout process at Baiko=
nur by
the team=20
from SpaceQuest which included Dr. Dino Lorenzini KC4YMG, Mark Kanawati N=
4TPY,
and Lyle=20
Johnson KK7P. The SpaceQuest team members are also AMSAT members and
volunteers.

First contact with Echo was at 1452 UTC on June 29th. After collecting a=
bit
of TLM the=20
435.150 MHz transmitter was turned off at 1500 UTC. The preliminary keps=
were
observed=20
to be pretty close. The first look at Echo=E2=80=99s telemetry shows thin=
gs are
looking good. =20
The battery was fully charged and the panels were delivering about 950 ma=
,
which is fine. =20
The panels were supporting the transmitter power adequately at about 2.3W
output. The=20
bird appeared to be tumbling as expected. Internal temperatures are arou=
nd 10
degrees=20
Celsius which is also as expected.

On the second pass the loading of software began and good progress was ma=
de.

Telemetry continues to look very good. While fades clearly indicated Ech=
o
continues to=20
tumble (as expected), at 2.2 Watts output good bits were received without
difficulty. =20
Rather than turn the transmitter off at the end of that pass, based on a =
very
good=20
looking power system, the power was turned down to about 0.3 Watts.

The hour between passes was spent closely examining the captured telemetr=
y and
comparing=20
it to pre-launch testing, as well as tweaking the keps a bit.

During the second set of passes approximately twelve hours later, the com=
mand
team=20
finished loading the housekeeping software. The housekeeping task is up =
and
running=20
as of June 30th at 0525 UTC. With more data available on the power syste=
ms
performance=20
the transmitter has now been left at about 1.2W.

The morning passes on June 30th concentrated on gathering telemetry. The
evening passes=20
continued with checkout activities.

A telemetry decode program, TLMEcho, is available for those who would lik=
e to
view and=20
report data from Echo. It may be downloaded from AMSAT.ORG in the Echo p=
roject
area,=20
http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/echo/

If you record telemetry please send the CSV files to .

Please do not transmit to Echo until checkout and commissioning has been
completed and=20
the satellite is made available for general use. Unexpected uplinks may =
cause
delays=20
in verifying the proper operation of ECHO and delay the opening of the
transponders to=20
general use.

(AMSAT, WD0E)

**

Break 1

From the United States of America, We are the Amateur Radio Newsline, hea=
rd on
bulletin=20
stations around the world including the N7SKO repeater serving Arizona,
California and Nevada.


**

WITH NEWSLINE: SEND US YOUR ID - PLEASE

Would you like to ID your own repeater or bulletin station here on Amateu=
r
Radio=20
Newsline? Well here is how you can do it. Record the following sentence=
and
include=20
the call sign and location you want to honor.=20

From the United States of America, we are the Amateur Radio Newsline, hea=
rd on
bulletin=20
stations around the world including the xxx repeater serving yyy zzz. Th=
e xxx
is the=20
call sign. The yyy and zzz are the city and state. =20

Then, take the tape and mail it to Amateur Radio Newsline, Editorial Offi=
ce,
28197=20
Robin Avenue, Santa Clarita, California, 91350. As time permits, we will
select an=20
audio I-D and include it in the newscast. =20

All tapes submitted become the property of the Amateur Radio Newsline and
cannot be=20
returned. Again, the address to make yourself a part of this bulletin se=
rvice
is=20
Amateur Radio Newsline, Editorial Office, 28197 Robin Avenue, Santa Clari=
ta,
California, 91350.

**

RESCUE RADIO: VA HOSPITALS SAY YES TO HAM RADIO

Hospitals in Roanoke, Virginia, will soon be ham radio equipped. Mike Kn=
ight,
K4IJ,=20
reports through the Repeater Journal that a budget of twenty-five thousan=
d
dollars has=20
been approved for the installation of Amateur stations at between ten and
twelve primary=20
healthcare facilities in the Roanoke area. =20

Knight says that the system will include a dual band base radio, a mobile
radio, a power=20
supply, antennas and full lightning protection at each hospital. Also go=
ing
on-line will=20
be a pair of commercial grade FM voice repeaters with back-up generators,=
and a
dedicated=20
digital repeater. The voice systems will have IRLP and Echolink tie-ins =
to
communicate=20
outside the local area. =20

When completed, the Roanoke system will consist of five to six linked
repeaters. The=20
base stations will be connected to each hospitals emergency power system =
to
keep them on the air.

(Repeater Journal)

**

RADIO LAW: COURT SAYS NO TO EXPANDED MEDIA OWNERSHIP

A U.S. Court of Appeals in Philadelphia has thrown out most of the Federa=
l
Communications=20
Commission's new and controversial media ownership deregulation. Its Thu=
rsday,
June 24th=20
decision means that for the time being, ownership levels of broadcast
properties and=20
related media will remain at current levels.

Back on June 2nd of 2003, the FCC's Republican majority voted to dramatic=
ally
ease a=20
prohibition barring daily newspapers from buying broadcast stations in th=
eir
markets. =20
The agency lifted caps limiting how many radio and TV stations a broadcas=
ter
could own=20
in the same area.=20

But in its 2 to 1 decision the Philadelphia court said that while some
relaxation of the=20
ownership limits might be reasonable, the agency had failed to adequately
justify the=20
limits it had put in place. The court announced that its original stay on=
the
FCC's media=20
ownership deregulation would continue until the agency fixes the regulati=
ons to
the court's=20
liking.=20

(TV Week)

**

ENFORCEMENT: TOO MUCH MORSE CODE

The FCC is asking a Missouri ham why he is running a Morse code training
program smack in=20
the middle of the 40 meter band. The target of the inquiry is Paul D.
Westcott, KC0OAB of=20
Purdy who apparently has code practice on the air around the clock.

Its June 21st letter to Westcott notes that the agency had previously dis=
cussed
this matter=20
with KC0OAB and was given assurances that the transmissions he was making=
were
for Morse=20
Code practice. Since that time the agency has received another complaint=
which
alleges=20
that the purported 40 meter code practice transmissions are 24 hours a da=
y,
seven days per=20
week. The FCC says that due to the crowded nature of the 40 Meter Band, i=
t is
extremely=20
inconsiderate to take up spectrum in that area for transmissions 24 hours=
a
day. This,=20
even if it is purportedly for =E2=80=9Ccode practice=E2=80=9D purposes.

The agency has posed several questions to Westcott to explain his operati=
on and
was given=20
20 days from the date of the FCC letter to provide a very detailed respon=
se.

**

ENFORCEMENT: NO LICENSE - DON=E2=80=99T OPERATE

The town of Reseda, California, is only about 10 miles from the Newsline
studio. It=E2=80=99s=20
also the place where the FCC alleges that someone has been operating a ha=
m
radio transmitter=20
without the benefit of being a licensed ham.

In a letter to a resident identified as Joseph A. Mosbergen, the FCC says=
that
he or someone=20
in his residence has been operating radio-transmitting equipment on sever=
al Los
Angeles area=20
Two Meter Amateur Radio repeaters. The agency warns Mosbergen that this =
is a
violation of=20
it rules and will subject him or whoever is proven to be operating to pun=
itive
action. =20
This could include a fine or imprisonment, as well as seizure of any
non-certified radio=20
transmitting equipment. It also tells Mosbergern that this is the last w=
arning
that he=20
will receive.

**

HAM RADIO BUSINESS: HEIL TO MARKET CLEAR SPEECH SPEAKER

Turning to the ham radio business scene, word that the NCT Group has appo=
inted
Heil Sound=20
Limited as its prime worldwide manufacturer and distributor of the Clear =
Speech
Speaker=20
system. Under the terms of the deal, Heil Sound will distribute Clear Sp=
eech
speakers to=20
their present amateur radio dealers and commercial broadcast distributors=
..=20
Also, the=20
Clear Speech speaker will be improved and several new products will be br=
ought
to the market=20
using the NCT Group technologies. According to Heil Sound these new prod=
uct
models are in=20
development and will be available for market by the end of July. More is=
on
line at=20
www.heilsound.com

**

COMMUNICATIOS NEWS: DUAL-CORE PROCESSORS ON THE WAY

Tech News reports that Advanced Micro Devices plans to begin selling micr=
ochips
with=20
the equivalent of two microprocessors in one next year. The Sunnyvale,
California based=20
company said it plans to offer dual-core processors for data-serving busi=
ness
computers=20
in the middle of next year, and for high-end home computers in the second=
half
of next year.=20
=20
Dual-core technology combines the power of two processors in one package.=
This
permits=20
the creation of a more powerful computer and increased computation power =
when
multitasking.

Last month, Intel said it would bring dual-core chips to the marketplace =
in
2005. That=E2=80=99s=20
more than a year ahead of schedule.

**

HAM RADIO BUSINESS: CW IS GOING STRONG

If you think Morse code is on its way out, the ham radio business communi=
ty
probably=20
disagrees with you. At least that=E2=80=99s the impression one gets thum=
bing through
the articles=20
in the July issue of CQ Magazine.

Not only are the ads for Morse related products holding steady, but the n=
ew
products area=20
has some reviews of the latest CW related products. And not to be outdon=
e,
Dave Ingram,=20
K4TWJ, devotes his World of Ideas column to Morse Keys from around the wo=
rld.

If you are a Morse lover, this is the CQ edition for you. It=E2=80=99s o=
n your
newsstand now. =20
More information is on the web at www.cq-amateur-radio.com.


**

THE SOCIAL SCENE: COME TO THE TENNESSEE HAM BREAKFAST

On the ham radio social scene, the Middle Tennessee Ham Breakfast takes p=
lace
at the=20
famed Tennessean Truckstop on the second Saturday of every month. People=
begin
to=20
gather there at about 9 a.m. and it=E2=80=99s billed as a chance to meet =
the middle
Tennessee=20
hams you may have contacted on the air. =20

Interested in attending? For full information simply send a note to
=20
or call Ken, AI4DV at area code 931 =E2=80=93 424 =E2=80=93 9523 during n=
ormal business
hours. =20

(Do Not Read: Repeater Journal)

**

THE SOCIAL SCENE: ROANOKE VA. IN JULY

And still in the South, mark down July 31st to attend the annual Roanoke
Hamfest. =20
This event is sponsored by the Roanoke Valley Amateur Radio Club and will=
be
held at=20
William Byrd High School in Vinton, Virginia starting at 8 a.m. local tim=
e.=20
Full=20
information on this friendly event is on line at w4ca.host4www.com=20

**=20

BREAK 2

This is ham radio news for today=E2=80=99s radio amateur. From the Unite=
d States of
America,=20
We are the Amateur Radio Newsline with links to the world from our only
official=20
website at www.arnewsline.org and being relayed by the volunteer services=
of
the=20
following radio amateur:


**

COLOR TV IS CELEBRATING ITS 50TH ANNIVERSARY THIS YEAR

Now for a bit of a history lesson. Although color TV transmissions were =
in the

development stages many years earlier, the broadcast industry is celebrat=
ing
its=20
half century mark this year. This is because it was 50 years ago that co=
lor
broadcasts=20
were initially
made available to the public. =20

Now, National Public Radio has posted a story and some interesting histor=
ical
resources=20
at its website. It is very interesting reading. That URL is in this wee=
k=E2=80=99s
printed=20
Amateur Radio Newsline report. =20

(www.npr.org/features/feature.php?wfId=3D1789944 (CGC))

**

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: NEW DVD PLAYER FILTERS OUT BAD WORDS

Wal-Mart is selling the world's first DVD player that can seamlessly skip=
over
violence,=20
swearing, nudity and other potentially offensive movie content. The $79 u=
nit
features=20
technology by ClearPlay and is manufactured by Thomson Inc. under its RCA
brand.=20
=20
The DVD player is the latest development in a legal battle between the Sa=
lt
Lake City-based=20
software company and Hollywood. Members of the Directors Guild of Americ=
a
filed suit=20
against ClearPlay in September 2002, when the filtering product was avail=
able
as a=20
computer program claiming it impinges on intellectual and creative rights=
..=20
Those legal=20
proceedings are still under way in Colorado's 10th District Court. Both s=
ides
currently=20
are waiting for a ruling on a summary judgment filed by ClearPlay.=20

**

WORLDBEAT - SLOVAKIA: FIRST CELLPHONE VIRUS ANNOUNCED

On the international scene word that a group of underground virus writers=
have
announced=20
what is believed to be the world's first worm that can spread on advanced
mobile phones. =20
According to news reports, the worm named Cabir, was sent to security sof=
tware
firms in=20
the United States and Russia by a member of 29a. =20

29a is described as a group of virus writers from the Czech Republic and
Slovakia who=20
pride themselves in creating proof of concept malicious viruses. Thankful=
ly,
Cabir has=20
been found to have no damaging code attached that might destroy files or
execute other=20
harmful operations.

**

WORLDBEAT =E2=80=93 UK: RSGB QSL BUREAU CHANGE

On a more positive note, word that Marc Litchman, G0TOC is the new RSGB Q=
SL
Bureau=20
Sub-Manager for the G7AAA through G7ZZZ series of callsigns. Litchman ca=
n be
reached at=20
26 Oak Tree Close, Loughton, Essex IG10 2RE, in the U-K. =20

**

WORLDBEAT =E2=80=93 NEW ZEALAND: ZL1AN HONORED FOR EDUCATIONAL WORK=20

And a word of congratulations to New Zealand=E2=80=99s Dr. Gary Bold, ZL1=
AN. Bold is
a physics=20
lecturer at the University of Auckland and he has been awarded the Prime
Ministers=20
Supreme Prize based in part on his 43 years of dedication to teaching. =20

Bold has taught every course in the physics department, all courses in
geophysics signal=20
processing and network theory. He has also devised and revised experimen=
ts and
designed=20
the curriculum for many second and third year physics courses. A dedicat=
ed C-W
enthusiast,=20
in his spare time he writes the NZART Break-In Magazine column "The Morse=
man."=20

The presentation was made at the recent 2004 Tertiary Teaching Excellence
Awards. =20
ZL1AN was one of 12 academics from nine institutions presented with award=
s,
each of which=20
brings with it a $30,000 prize.

**

DX

In D-X, word that several O-H prefix operators will be operational from A=
land
Island as=20
OH0I during the CQ Magazine and RTTY Journal RTTY DX Contest. This, from
September 25th=20
to the 26th. They will operate as a Multi class 2 entry using multiple b=
eams
and vertical arrays on the low bands. QSL via OH3BHL.

And keep an ear open in September for RA3AMG from Cyprus. He will also b=
e
active in the=20
same contest signing P3B. QSL via his home callsign.

Lastly, ST2DX will be active from the Sudan until the 10th of July. Look=
for
him mainly=20
on SSB, with some CW, on all bands between 30 and 6 meters. QSL this one=
as
directed on the air.


**

THAT FINAL ITEM =E2=80=93 HAMMIN=E2=80=99 OLDIES ON WBCQ

And finally this week=E2=80=A6 who says hams and short wave listeners are=
nothing but
a bunch of=20
stuffy old geezers?

The Peacock Project is a group of Internet broadcasters that have banded
together to=20
present a variety of music eras, styles and talk over WBCQ on Saturday ni=
ghts
at 8PM=20
Eastern time, which is Midnight Universal Time, Sunday. Named in tribute =
to one
of their=20
group, Rob Peacock, who suddenly passed away in January, the show feature=
s a
different=20
host each week with a program that is unique to his own musical preferenc=
e and
personal=20
presentation. =20

The first weekend of every month will feature Dave Kirby's look b=
ack at
Old Time=20
Radio and some non-English language versions of American songs. The seco=
nd
weekend is=20
The Voice of Savage Henry, a 1960's and 70's "Garage Band" rock show host=
ed by
Steve Evanchuck,=20
KG8KO. Tim Gaynor is heard directly from Australia on the 3rd week and t=
he 4th
week is S
teve Coletti, aka =E2=80=9CBig Steve Cole=E2=80=9D. Four times a year the=
re is a 5th
Saturday to the month=20
and on those weekends it is time for "Hollow-State Hound", a show schedul=
ed to
feature=20
big band music with Mike "The DX Hound".

The broadcasters got together in an odd way, and going on WBCQ's 7=
415
kHz frequency=20
is like going home to where it all started. A few years ago there was a =
group
of ham radio=20
operators who were also listeners to shortwave broadcasters and utility
stations. Under the=20
umbrella organization of the Association Of North American Radio Clubs,
(ANARC), they would=20
join into a ham traffic net every Sunday morning on 7240 kHz to compare t=
heir
station=20
loggings. While the net still has a lot of good memories for those who jo=
ined
in or only=20
listened in, the group eventually disbanded. The net then moved to an In=
ternet
Relay=20
Chat channel that was already in existence.
To a few die hard members like Dave Kirby, N1DK, the discontinuan=
ce of
the radio=20
net was only a minor setback. Dave began doing weekly reports by way of =
the
Cyber=20
Shortwave real audio file that was available for download by anyone. It w=
as at
the suggestion=20
of member Pete Costello that Dave began doing his presentations as a live
interactive program=20
by way of sending sound via live365.com and receiving typed comments back=
from
listeners via=20
the IRC chat channel.

As loggings and SWL news tapered off, Dave began doing more music=
and
off topic bantering. =20
This led the powers that be at the chat room to ask Dave to create his ow=
n chat
room for the show. =20
The kick in the butt turned out to be a blessing as now the door was open=
ed for
others who wanted=20
to do interactive radio using Dave's chat room

We hope that you will enjoy the diversity of programming that the=
se
enterprising hams and=20
SWLs have created. The Peacock Project begins July 3rd on WBCQ at 7415 k=
Hz and
your fellow=20
broadcasters, hams and SWLs at the Amateur Radio Newsline wish you the be=
st.


**

NEWSCAST CLOSE

With thanks to Alan Labs, AMSAT, the ARRL, the CGC Communicator, CQ Magaz=
ine,
the FCC, the=20
Ohio Penn DX Bulletin, Radio Netherlands, Rain, the RSGB and Australia's
Q-News, that's all=20
from the Amateur Radio Newsline(tm). Our e-mail address is newsline
@arnewsline.org. =20
More information is available at Amateur Radio Newsline's(tm) only offici=
al
website located at=20
www.arnewsline.org. You can also write to us or support us at Amateur Ra=
dio
Newsline(tm),=20
P.O. Box 660937, Arcadia, California 91066.=20


Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, is away on vacation this week, so with Mark Abram=
owicz,
N-T-3-V, as=20
my partner this week, I=E2=80=99m Don Wilbanks, AE5DW, saying 73 and we t=
hank you for
listening." =20
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